Let their heights be a, b, c, d, and e with a > b > c > d > e
Since the tallest three friends have an average height exactly equal to the height of one of them, the average height of these
three must be b.
Also, a must be as much greater than b as c is less than b; call this amount x.
Thus: a = b + x
b = b
c = b - x
Since the average of the tallest four is the height of one of them; this amount must be c.
So d = b - 4x. [Check: ( (b + x) + (b) + (b -x) + (b - 4x) ) / 4 = (4b - 4x) / 4 = b - x.]
The average height of all five is the height of one of them; this amount must be b - 4x.
So e = b - 16x [Check: ( (b + x) + (b) + (b - x) + (b - 4x) + (b - 16x) ) / 5 = (5b - 20x) / 5 = b - 4x.]
The second-tallest friend is 16 cm taller than the second-shortest one:
b = 16 + (b - 4x) ---> 0 = 16 - 4x ---> 4x = 16 ---> x = 4cm
How much taller is the tallest friend than the shortest one?
tallest = b + x = b + 4 shortest = b - 16x = b - 64 cm
Thus, the tallest friend is 68 cm taller than the shortest friend.