The remainder theorem tells us that:
If a polynomial f(x) is divided by (x-a), then the remainder is f(a).
So for this problem, the polynomial is divided by (x-1), (x+1), and (x+2) and the remainders are given.
Therefore, we can conclude that
f(1) = 13
f(-1) = 3
f(-2) = -12
You can now plug in those x values and y values to solve for a, b, and c.
x4+ax3+bx+c14+a(1)3+b(1)+c=13⟹a+b+c=12(−1)4+a(−1)3+b(−1)+c=3⟹−a−b+c=2(−2)4+a(−2)3+b(−2)+c=−12⟹−8a−2b+c=−28
We now have a system of three equations.
Now to find a, b, and c.
We can first add the first two equations together
a+b+c=12−a−b+c=2==========2c=14c=7
We can then multiply the 2nd equation by -2 and add it with the 3rd equation
−2(−a−b+c)=−2(2)↓2a+2b−2c=−4−8a−2b+c=−28============−6a−c=−32−6a−7=−32−6a=−25a=256
Now, we can plug in a and c into any other equation to find b.
a+b+c=12256+b+7=12256+b=5b=56
TL;DR
a = 25/6, b = 5/6, c = 7