Charles flips a coin four times. What is the probability that he gets a 3-1 split? (3 heads and 1 tail, or 1 head and 3 tails)
You can do this just by listing the ways:
H-H-H-T = (½)·(½)·(½)·(½) = 1/16
H-H-T-H = (½)·(½)·(½)·(½) = 1/16
H-T-H-H = (½)·(½)·(½)·(½) = 1/16
T-H-H-H = (½)·(½)·(½)·(½) = 1/16
T-T-T-H = (½)·(½)·(½)·(½) = 1/16
T-T-H-T = (½)·(½)·(½)·(½) = 1/16
T-H-T-T = (½)·(½)·(½)·(½) = 1/16
H-T-T-T = (½)·(½)·(½)·(½) = 1/16
Adding the individual results give ½
There is another way, using combinations ...