For f(x), write y
y = ax^2 + bx + c subtract c from both sides
y - c = a [ x^2 + (b/a)x ]
Complete the square on x....take (1/2) of (b/a) = b/[2a]....square it = b^2/[4a^2 ]........add to both sides.....don't forget that we're actually adding ab^2/[4a^2 ] to the left side
y - c + ab^2 / [4a^2] = a [ x^2 + (b/a)x + b^2/(4a^2 ) ]
Factor the right side........simplify the left
y - c + b^2 / (4a) = a [ x + b /(2a) ] ^2
Add c, subtract b^2 / (4a) to both sides
y = a [ x + b/(2a) ] ^2 - b^2 / (4a) + c
y = a [ x + b / (2a) ]^2 + ( - b^2 / (4a) + c )
So.....the vertex is given by [ -b / (2a) , - b^2 / (4a) + c ]
Note that we can prove that this is correct.........
The x coordinate of the vertex is -b / (2a)
Putting this into ax^2 + bx + c for x, we can find the y coordinate of the vertex thusly :
y = a [b^2 / (4a^2) ] + b [ -b/(2a)] + c
y = [b^2 / (4a)] - b^2 /(2a) + c
y = [ b^2 - 2b^2 ] / (4a) + c
y = [-b^2 / (4a) ] + c