Let n be a positive integer. Let k be a positive integer.
(a) Using a counting argument, show that C(n - 1, k - 1) + C(n - 1, k) = C(n,k).
(b) Using a counting argument, show that C(n,0) + C(n,1) + C(n,2) + ... + C(n,n) = 2^n.
(c) Using a counting argument, show that C(n,0) + C(n + 1,1) + C(n + 2,2) + C(n + 3,3) + ... + C(n + k,k) = C(n + k + 1,k)
(d) Using a counting argument, show that C(m,0) C(n,r) + C(m,1) C(n,r - 1) + ... + C(m,r) C(n,0) = C(m + n,r).
(e) There are n^2 ordered pairs (a,b) of positive integers, where 1 \le a, b \le n. Using a counting argument, show that this number is also equal to
(n + 1)^2 - 2n - 1
(f) There are n^3 ordered triples (a,b,c) of positive integers, where 1 \le a, b, c \le n. Using a counting argument, show that this number is also equal to
(n + 1)^3 - 3n^2 - 3n - 1
Here is the answer to part (f);
Let's call (a,b,c) a smiley face if b is less than a and b is less than c, because when we plot the graph, we get a happy face! And if b is greater than a and b is greater than c, that's a frowny face, because we get a frowny face when we turn a smiely face up-side-down.
There are other kinds of faces like smirks (like a is less than b and b is less than c) and neutral faces (like when a is equal to b and b is equal to c). If the face is neutral, then a equals b and b equals c, so when we choose a, b, and c are also chosen, and there are n choices for a, so there are n neutral faces.
Now we count the number of smirks. There are n ways to choose a, and there are n - 1 ways to choose b. We also multiply by 3, because the value that we chose for a could have also been the value of b, or the value of c. So there are 3n(n - 1) smirks.
Now we count the number of smiley faces. There are n ways to choose a, then n - 1 ways to choose b, then n - 2 ways to choose c. So there are n(n - 1)(n - 2) = 3C(n,3) smiley faces. By symmetry, there are 3C(n,3) frowny faces.
Therefore, the total number of faces is n^3 = n + 3n(n - 1) + 6C(n,3).
