(x^r -1)/(x-1) with r element of Q and x ---> 1?
$$\frac{x^r-1}{x-1}=x^{r-1}+x^{r-2}+...+x^{r-r}$$
There are r terms so when x = 1 we have r as the value of the sum, and hence of the limit of (xr - 1)/(x - 1) as x→1
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