This isn't the most "mathematical" explanation.....but it might help anyway.
Let us suppose that something originally costs $100.
Now, let's suppose that we take 10% off. Well, looking at it another way, it must now just be "worth" 90% of what its original price was, i.e., $90.
Now, let's suppose that we take 15% off of that. Well, then the "new" price must just be 85% of the $90 (since we took 15% off), i.e., $76.50.
Well, the "final" price is just 76.5% of the original $100 price........thus we "took off" $23.50.....or 23.5% of 100 !!!
In terms of "math-speak," we could express this in the following way........100 - (100*.90*.85)......100 - (76.50)........Original Price - (Final Price) = "Discount"
This is simplistic, but I hope it helps you see it.......