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(a) Let's call (a,b,c) a smiley face if b is less than a and b is less than c, because when we plot the graph, we get a happy face!  And if b is greater than a and b is greater than c, that's a frowny face, because we get a frowny face when we turn a smiely face up-side-down.

 

There are other kinds of faces like smirks (like a is less than b and b is less than c) and neutral faces (like when a is equal to b and b is equal to c).  If the face is neutral, then a equals b and b equals c, so when we choose a, b, and c are also chosen, and there are n choices for a, so there are n neutral faces.

 

Now we count the number of smirks.  There are n ways to choose a, and there are n - 1 ways to choose b.  We also multiply by 3, because the value that we chose for a could have also been the value of b, or the value of c.  So there are 3n(n - 1) smirks.

 

Now we count the number of smiley faces.  There are n ways to choose a, then n - 1 ways to choose b, then n - 2 ways to choose c.  So there are n(n - 1)(n - 2) = 3C(n,3) smiley faces.  By symmetry, there are 3C(n,3) frowny faces.

Therefore, the total number of faces is n^3 = n + 3n(n - 1) + 6C(n,3).

 

(b) To choose three numbers, we can choose two groups one group with two numbers and the other group has one number.  The total of n + 2 numbers can be separated into two groups.

 

In the first way, one group has 2 numbers, and the other group has n numbers.  They form a total of n + 2 numbers.  There are C(2,2) = 1 ways to choose two numbers from the 2 group.  There are C(n,1) = n ways to choose one number from the one group.  This gives us a first term of 1*n.

 

In the second way, one group has three numbers, and the other group has n - 1 numbers.  They form a total of n - 1 numbers.  There are C(3,2) = 2 ways to choose two numbers from the 2 group.  There are C(n - 1,1) = n - 1 ways to choose one number from the one group.  This gives us a second term of 2*(n - 1).  The pattern will continue until we reach n.  So the two sides are equal.

Nov 3, 2019
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Nov 3, 2019
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\(\begin{array}{lccccccccccc} \text{row }1:& & & & & & 1 \\ \text{row }2:& & & & & 2 & & 2 \\ \text{row }3:& & & & 3 & & 4 & & 3 \\ \text{row }4:& & & 4 & & 7 & & 7 & & 4 \\ \text{row }5:& & 5 & & 11 & & 14 & & 11 & & 5 \\ \text{row }6:& 6 & & 16 & & 25 & & 25 & & 16 & & 6 \end{array} \)

If we form a number triangle as above,

what is the sum of all the numbers in the triangle with 20 rows?

 

\(\text{Let row $=r$} \\ \text{Let the sum of all the numbers in the rth row $=s_r$ } \\ \text{Let the sum of the numbers in the triangle from 1 to rth row $=s_{1\ldots r}$ }\)

 

\(\begin{array}{|rcll|} \hline s_1 &=& 1 \\ s_2 &=& 1 +3\cdot( 1 ) \\ s_3 &=& 1 +3\cdot( 1+2 ) \\ s_4 &=& 1 +3\cdot( 1+2+4 ) \\ s_5 &=& 1 +3\cdot( 1+2+4+8 ) \\ s_6 &=& 1 +3\cdot( 1+2+4+8+16 ) \\ \ldots \\ s_r &=& 1 +3\cdot( 1+2^1+2^2+2^3+2^4+\ldots + 2^{r-2} ) \\ &=& 1+ 3\cdot(2^{r-1}-1) \\ \mathbf{s_r} &=& \mathbf{ 3\cdot 2^{r-1} -2 } \\ \hline \end{array} \)

 

 

\(\begin{array}{|rcll|} \hline s_{1\ldots r} &=& \sum \limits_{i=1}^{r} \left(3\cdot 2^{i-1} -2 \right) \\ &=& 3\sum \limits_{i=1}^{r} \left(2^{i-1}\right) -\sum \limits_{i=1}^{r} 2 \\ &=& 3\sum \limits_{i=0}^{r-1} \left(2^i\right) -2\sum \limits_{i=1}^{r} 1 \\ &=& 3\sum \limits_{i=0}^{r-1} \left(2^i\right) -2r \\ &=& 3\sum \limits_{i=0}^{r} \left(2^i\right) -3\cdot2^r -2r \quad | \quad \sum \limits_{i=0}^{r} \left(2^i\right) = \left( 2^{r+1}-1 \right) \\ &=& 3\cdot \left( 2^{r+1}-1 \right) -3\cdot2^r -2r \\ &=& 3\cdot 2^{r+1}-1 -3 -3\cdot2^r -2r \\ &=& 3\cdot \left(2^{r}\cdot 2 \right) -3\cdot2^r -2r -3 \\ &=& 2^{r}\left( 6-3\right) -2r -3 \\ \mathbf{ s_{1\ldots r} } &=& \mathbf{ 3\cdot 2^{r} -2r -3 } \\ \hline \end{array}\)

 

\(\begin{array}{|rcll|} \hline \mathbf{ s_{1\ldots r} } &=& \mathbf{ 3\cdot 2^{r} -2r -3 } \quad | \quad r = 20 \\\\ s_{1\ldots 20} &=& 3\cdot 2^{20} -2\cdot(20) -3 \\ &=& 3\cdot 2^{20} -2\cdot(20) -3 \\ &=& 3\cdot 2^{20} -43 \\ &=& 3\cdot 1048576 -43 \\ &=& 3\cdot 1048576 -43 \\ &=& 3145728 -43 \\ \mathbf{ s_{1\ldots 20} } &=& \mathbf{ 3145685} \\ \hline \end{array}\)

 


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Nov 3, 2019

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