"You have 10 boxes with 1000 coins each, either all real or all fake. Real coins are 16 ounces, fake ones are 17. You have a scale, so you put some number of coins on the scale, and then it tells you the weight of those coins. Your job is to figure out which boxes have fake coins and which ones have real coins in one press of the scale. How do you do this?"
Those are very heavy coins
Ok I have this ( and I didn't cheat) It will help you enormously if you can think in base 2 (which I can)
Let the boxes be called box0, box1........ box9
Take 2^(the box number) coins from each box.
2^0=1 from box0
2^1=2 from box1
up to
2^9=512 from box 9
altogether you will have 1023 I know this because 2^10-1=1023 but you can just add them all up or use a GP formula if you want.
Let R be the number of real coins and F be the number of fake coins. And let the weight be W
We know that F+R=1023 so R=1023-F (1)
and we know 17F+16R= W (2)
solve these simultaneously and we get F=W-16368
So now you know exactly how many fakes that you have weighed. But which boxes do they belong to?
Again, understanding base two helps a lot.
Take F and divide it by 2, the if there is a remainder it has to be 1 and that would mean that the 0 box is Fake
Take the answer and divide it by 2 again and if there is a remainder then box 1 is Fake
keep going until the whole part is zero then you will have worked out which boxes are fake. The other boxes are real.
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ex
Say the weight is 16660oz
The number of fake coins is 16660-16368= 292
292 divided by 2 = 146 Remainder 0 so box 0 is not fake
146 divided by 2 = 73 Remainder 0 so box 1 is not fake
73 divided by 2 = 36 Remainder 1 so box 2 IS fake
36 divided by 2 = 18 Remainder 0 so box 3 is not fake
18 divided by 2 = 9 Remainder 0 so box 4 is not fake
9 divided by 2 = 4 Remainder 1 so box 5 IS fake
4 divided by 2 = 2 Remainder 0 so box 6 is not fake
2 divided by 2 = 1 Remainder 0 so box 7 is not fake
1 divided by 2 = 0 Remainder 1 so box 8 IS fake
So boxes 2, 5 and 8 are full of fake coins and
boxes 0, 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 9 are full of real coins
I will leave the checking to you