ABC is a triangle. D, E and F are the respective middles of segments [AB], [AC] and [BC].
A line d passing through A intersects with (DE) in G, a line d' passing through C intersects with (EF) in H.
Under what condition are lines (AG) and (CH) parallel?
You can get to an hypothesis, then prove it, using the Cartesian coordinate system of origin E. Good luck!
Nota Bene: The problem was originally in French, I had to translate it by myself. I apologize if the translation is wrong or if there are mistakes in notations or something. If you cannot do the exercise because of this, say it in the comments, I'll do my best to fix it. Thanks.
I. Ths sides of the triangle ABC are: a = (BC), b = (AC) , c = (AB)
II. (DE) \(\parallel\) (BC) and (EF) \(\parallel\) (AB).
Proof:
The angles of the triangle are: A = BAC, B = CBA, C = ACB
1. Cos-Rule:
Let x = (DE) then: \(\begin{array}{rcll} (1): & \quad x^2 &=& (\frac{b}{2})^2 + (\frac{c}{2})^2 - 2\frac{b}{2}\frac{c}{2}\cdot\cos{(A)} \qquad | \qquad \cdot 4\\ & 4x^2 &=& b^2 +c^2 - 2bc\cdot\cos{(A)} \\ (2): & a^2 &=& b^2 +c^2 - 2bc\cdot\cos{(A)} \\ \hline \text{compare:} & 4x^2 &=& a^2 \\ \text{we find:} & x &=& \frac{a}{2}\\ \text{or} & (DE) &=& \frac{(BC)}{2} \end{array}\)
2. Sin-Rule:
Let \(\epsilon\) = angle ADE then: \(\begin{array}{rcll} (1): & \quad \frac{\sin{(\epsilon)} } {\frac{b}{2} } &=& \frac{\sin{(A)} } { \frac{a}{2} } \\ & \quad \frac{\sin{(\epsilon)} } { b } &=& \frac{\sin{(A)} } { a } \\ (2): & \quad \frac{\sin{(B)} } { b } &=& \frac{\sin{(A)} } { a } \\ \hline \text{compare:} & \sin{(\epsilon)} &=& \sin{(B)}\\ \text{we find:} & \epsilon &=& B\\ \end{array}\)
so we have (DE) \(\parallel\) (BC)
\(\begin{array}{rcll} \text{permute and we have: } \quad (EF) &=& \frac{(AB)}{2} = \frac{(c)}{2} \\ \text{and angle } CFE &=& B\\ \text{so we have also } \quad \mathbf{(FE) \parallel (AB)} \end{array}\)
III.
\(\begin{array}{rcll} \vec{a} &=& \vec{B} - \vec{C}\\ \vec{c} &=& \vec{B} - \vec{A}\\ \vec{GE} = \vec{G} - \vec{E} &=& \lambda \cdot \vec{a} \\ \vec{HE} = \vec{H} - \vec{E} &=& \mu \cdot \vec{c} \\ \vec{AE} = \vec{A} - \vec{E} &=& \frac{ \vec{a} }{2} - \frac{ \vec{c} }{2} \\ \vec{CE} = \vec{C} - \vec{E} &=& \frac{ \vec{c} }{2} - \frac{ \vec{a} }{2} \\ \hline \vec{d} &=& \vec{GE} - \vec{AE}\\ \vec{d'} &=& \vec{HE} - \vec{CE}\\ \hline \vec{d} = \lambda \cdot \vec{a} - \frac{ \vec{a} }{2} + \frac{ \vec{c} }{2} \\ \vec{d'} = \mu \cdot \vec{c} - \frac{ \vec{c} }{2} + \frac{ \vec{a} }{2} \\ \mathbf{If } \quad |\vec{d} \times \vec{d'} | = 0 \quad \text{ then } \quad \vec{d} \parallel \vec{d'}\\ \hline | \vec{d} \times \vec{d'} | &=& 0 \\ |(\lambda \cdot \vec{a} - \frac{ \vec{a} }{2} + \frac{ \vec{c} }{2}) \times (\mu \cdot \vec{c} - \frac{ \vec{c} }{2} + \frac{ \vec{a} }{2} )| &=& 0 \\ \lambda \mu | \vec{a}\times \vec{c} | - \frac{\lambda}{2 } |\vec{a}\times \vec{c} | + \underbrace{\frac{\lambda}{2 } |\vec{a}\times {\vec{a} }| }_{\text{area}=0} \\ - \frac{\mu}{2 } |\vec{a}\times \vec{c} | + \frac{1}{4 } |\vec{a}\times \vec{c} | - \underbrace{\frac{1}{4 } |\vec{a}\times \vec{a}| }_{\text{area}=0}\\ + \underbrace{\frac{\mu}{2 } |\vec{c}\times \vec{c} | }_{\text{area}=0} - \underbrace{\frac{1}{4 } |\vec{c}\times \vec{c} | }_{\text{area}=0} + \frac{1}{4 } |\vec{c}\times \vec{a} | &=& 0 \\ \lambda \mu | \vec{a}\times \vec{c} | - \frac{\lambda}{2 } |\vec{a}\times \vec{c} | - \frac{\mu}{2 } |\vec{a}\times \vec{c} | \\ + \frac{1}{4 } |\vec{a}\times \vec{c} | + \frac{1}{4 } |\vec{c}\times \vec{a} | &=& 0 \\ \lambda \mu | \vec{a}\times \vec{c} | - \frac{\lambda}{2 } |\vec{a}\times \vec{c} | - \frac{\mu}{2 } |\vec{a}\times \vec{c} | \\ + \frac{1}{4 } |\vec{a}\times \vec{c} | - \frac{1}{4 } |\vec{a}\times \vec{c} | &=& 0 \\ \lambda \mu | \vec{a}\times \vec{c} | - \frac{\lambda}{2 } |\vec{a}\times \vec{c} | - \frac{\mu}{2 } |\vec{a}\times \vec{c} | &=& 0 \\ \hline \underbrace{| \vec{a}\times \vec{c} |}_{\ne 0} \underbrace{(\lambda \mu- \frac{\lambda}{2 }- \frac{\mu}{2 } )}_{=0} &=& 0 \\ \mathbf{ \lambda \mu- \frac{\lambda}{2}- \frac{\mu}{2} }&\mathbf{=}& \mathbf{0}\\ \end{array} \)
\(\begin{array}{rcll} \boxed{~ \begin{array}{lrcl} & \lambda \mu- \frac{\lambda}{2}- \frac{\mu}{2} & = & 0 \\ & 2\lambda \mu &=& \lambda - \mu \\ \hline & 2\lambda -1 &=& \frac{\lambda}{\mu} \\ & \color{red} \mu & \color{red}=& \color{red}\frac{\lambda}{2\lambda -1} \\ \text{or } & 2\mu -1 &=& \frac{\mu}{\lambda} \\ & \color{red} \lambda & \color{red}=& \color{red}\frac{\mu}{2\mu -1} \\ \text{or } & (2\lambda -1)(2\mu -1) &=& 1 \\ \end{array} ~} \end{array}\)
IV. Solution
\(\begin{array}{rcll} \vec{a} &=& \vec{B} - \vec{C}\\ \vec{c} &=& \vec{B} - \vec{A}\\ \vec{GE} = \vec{G} - \vec{E} &=& \lambda \cdot \vec{a} \\ \vec{HE} = \vec{H} - \vec{E} &=& \mu \cdot \vec{c} \\ \hline \boxed{~ \begin{array}{rcll} \vec{GE} = \vec{G} - \vec{E} &=& \lambda \cdot \vec{a} \\ \vec{HE} = \vec{H} - \vec{E} &=& \frac{\lambda}{2\lambda -1} \cdot \vec{c} \\ \vec{GE} = \vec{G} - \vec{E} &=& \lambda \cdot ( \vec{B} - \vec{C} ) \\ \vec{HE} = \vec{H} - \vec{E} &=& \frac{\lambda}{2\lambda -1} \cdot ( \vec{B} - \vec{A} ) \\ d \parallel d' \text{ or } \vec{(GA)} \parallel \vec{(HC)} \end{array} ~} \end{array} \)
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